• Aka - name sometimes given Corallium japonicom. (Rohm per Yonick, 2003)
  
• Akabar (also accarbaar) - "A name used for [keratinous] black coral in Indian Ocean region."(Shipley, 1951).� According to Bauer (1913, p.615) this material is "shining pitch-black, branched skeleton ... may reach a length of 2 feet and a thickness of some inches [; and] It is formed not of a calcareous, but of a horny substance...[It] can therefore be moulded ... [and] is much esteemed there, and often constitutes the substance of which sceptres used by native kings and princes are made, hence the term king's-coral ... is also applied to it."�
• Akori (also called blue coral) - "A porous [keratinous] coral which, previous to beginning of the 18th Century was fished and fashioned and prized by the negroes of West African coast.� Red, blue or violet.� Has also been fished in Samoa. ... The name has more recently been applied to substitutes such as rock, glass, and pearl with little nacre." (Shipley, 1951).
• Angelskin (or angel's-skin) - "a blush pink or peach" coral, apparently from one or more of the Corallium ...� species from western Pacific. (Rohm per Yonick, 2003). - See� Pelle d'angelo.
  
• Areiscuro (or Carbonetto) - "very dark red (ox-blood red)." (Webster, 1975, p. 501)
• Bianco - pure white coral (Webster, 1975, p. 501).
• Carbonetto - see Ariescuro.
  
• Horn coral - name sometimes applied to the black and golden antipatharian corals (e.g., H?nni, 2005).
  
• Japanese coral - "Coral from Japanese waters.� Usually pink in color with white centers.� Beads and cut specimens pink, often flecked with white." (Shipley, 1951, p.117).
• King's coral - See Akabar.
• Momo - "the light to dark red color" coral (Corallium elatius Ridley, 1882) from the sea between Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines. (Rohm per Yonick, 2003)
  
• Moro - "the precious coral ... [from the Ryukuan islands, south of Japan, which is] the blood-red variety" (Webster, 1975, p. 501)
• Mushi - "momo [q.v.] with lots of holes."� (Rohm per Yonick, 2003)
• Noble coral - name sometimes given to precious coral in the marketplace.
• Pelle d'angelo - "pale flesh pink (angel's skin)." (Webster, 1975, p. 501)
  
• Precious (red) coral - name frequently applied to the red or pink coral (Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758)), which is used widely as a decorative material.� In French, it is called corail rouge; in German, Rote Edelkoralle; in Spanish, coral rojo; and in Italian, corallo rosso, usually with the appropriate adjective, as noted in the next three names.
  
• Rosa pallido coral (Italian) - pale red coral. (Shipley, 1951, p.195).� This and the next two terms have had wider usage than one might expect for Italian designations, apparently reflecting the fact that so much of the coral "industry" was long centered in Italy.�
  
• Rosa scuro coral - dark red coral. (Shipley, 1951, p.196)
• Rosso vijo (or vivo) coral - vivid red coral. (Shipley, 1951, p.195 & Webster, 1975, p. 501)
• Sardegna - name sometimes given Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Mediterranean. (Rohm per Yonick, 2003)
• Secondo coloro - "salmon colour (second colour)," (Webster, 1975, p. 501)
  
• Shiro - name given "Corallium konojoi [sic.� -- probably Corallium konjoi Kishinouye, 1903] ... is the white coral from around Japan and Hainan, which has some reddish spots." (Rohm per Yonick, 2003)
• Sponge coral - Melithaea ochracea (Linnaeus, 1758) -- so-named because it roughly resembles sponges -- i.e., it is so-to-speak vesicular.� That used in jewelry, which comes chiefly from the South China Sea, is typically orange-red, but some that are yellow or brownish also find use.� Most of these corals have so much open space they are "stabilized" by� filling their open spaces with a resin or polymer, and frequently dyed, before being fashioned into jewelry.� And, some is "crushed up, mixed with epoxy, and formed into desired shapes" -- i.e., they are reconstructed coral (Roskin, 2004).
  
• Tosa coral - "Medium quality of Japanese coral."(Shipley, 1951, p.234)
  

USES: Kunz (1913, p.69) notes that� "for twenty centuries or more [coral] was classed among the precious stones."�� H?nni (2005, p.6.), reference to today notes "Coral is a particularly fascinating gem material.� It incarnates our longing for summer, sun and oceans. And coral is coming back into fashion."� Virtually all of the coral Kunz was alluding to was what is now called precious red coral (Corallium rubrum Linnaeus, 1758) from the Mediterranean.� Today, that red coral along with the closely related pink coral (Corallium --Cuvier, 1798-- spp.) and "other" red corals, for which species names have been suggested for animals that are likely subspecies, from some localities in the western Pacific continue to be used.� And, the hard parts of several other corals and related animals -- all marketed as coral(!) -- are also harvested for use in jewelry and diverse decorative pieces.� Examples of these other corals are:� Bamboo coral (Lepidisis olapa Muzik, 1978 and Acanella gregorii� Gray, 1870);� black coral (Antipathes --Milne-Edwards & Haime 1857-- spp., including A. dichotoma Pallas, 1766 and A. grandis Verrill, 1928 and also Myriopathes ulex (Ellis & Solander, 1786) and Cirrhipathes anguina (Dana, 1846);� blue coral (Heliopora coerulea�(Pallas, 1766)); and gold coral (Callogorgia elegans Gray, 1858 and Parazoanthus --Haddon and Shackleton, 1891-- sp. (widely referred to as Gerardia sp, a "not accepted" name), Primnoa resedaeformis (Gunnerus, 1763) and Primnoa willeyi (Hickson, 1915).� In addition, several white corals (order Scleractinia) are used rather widely in so-called summer jewelry, diverse decorative items (e.g., Figure C) and as showpieces.�� Corals of two orders and seven species are listed as "corals in trade" in the fine summary of The Australian Gemmologist (2004), a publication (web site)� that is well worth reviewing by anyone interested in corals used in jewelry etc. -- among other things it includes descriptive material and fine photographs of bamboo, blue and gold corals, which are� used in jewelry etc. but only mentioned here.�